Skip to content
Glossary of Business Development Terms | Official BDA® Dictionary A–Z
BDA® Official Reference

Glossary of
Business Development
Terms

The official, unified dictionary of business development terminology — drawn directly from the BDA BoCK™ 2026 Global Edition. A definitive reference for BD professionals, practitioners, and organisations worldwide.

120+ Definitions
90+ Countries
Updated 2026
BoCK™ Aligned
Glossary at a Glance
120
Total Terms
26
Letters A–Z
7
BD Domains
2026
Edition Year
BDA BoCK 2026
BDA BoCK™ 2026 Global Edition · Version 2.0
120
Globally Standardised Definitions
17
BoCK™ Chapters Covered
251
Pages in BDA BoCK™ 2026
90+
Countries Using BDA Standards

The Global Standard for BD Terminology

This glossary represents the official, unified dictionary of the Business Development Association (BDA®). It provides clear, concise, and globally standardised definitions for the key terms, concepts, and acronyms used throughout the BDA BoCK™ and in the practice of modern business development.

Its purpose is to create a common language for BD professionals worldwide, eliminating ambiguity and fostering more effective communication across industries, geographies, and organisational contexts.

  • All definitions sourced directly from the BDA BoCK™ 2026 Global Edition
  • Categorised by BD domain for easier navigation and study
  • Essential preparation for BDA-CP™ and BDA-SCP™ certification examinations
  • Searchable, filterable, and designed for professional reference
Business Development Professionals
BDA BoCK™ 2026 The Global Standard for Business Development
Term Categories:
BoCK™ Core Official BDA BoCK™ term
Strategy Growth & strategic planning
Finance Financial & valuation terms
Partnership Alliances & partnerships
Legal Legal & compliance
Marketing Marketing & sales
Competency Behavioural competencies
Type to instantly filter 120+ terms — or use the A–Z navigation below

A

Account Management
BoCK™ CoreClient Development

The ongoing process of managing and growing relationships with existing clients to maximise long-term value. Unlike business development, which focuses on acquiring new opportunities, account management focuses on retention, expansion, and deepening stakeholder relationships within an existing client base. See also: BD vs Account Management.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Acquisition Strategy
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

A plan for identifying, targeting, and securing new clients, partners, or market positions. Acquisition strategies are a core output of business development strategy and are informed by market intelligence, ideal customer profiling, and competitive analysis.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Advisory Services
BoCK™ CoreBDA Service

Expert consulting and guidance provided to organisations seeking to improve their BD capability, governance, or strategy. BDA offers advisory services including BD strategy audits and internal capacity development.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Agile BD
BoCK™ CoreMethodology

The application of agile principles — iterative cycles, rapid feedback, and adaptive planning — to business development activities. Agile BD enables teams to respond quickly to market changes and refine their go-to-market approach based on real-time data. See: BD Methodologies.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 15
Alliance
BoCK™ CorePartnerships

A formal or informal arrangement between two or more organisations to pursue shared goals while remaining independent. Alliances differ from strategic partnerships in scope and formality. See: Partnership vs Alliance.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Anchor Client
BoCK™ CoreClient Development

A high-value, strategically significant client whose relationship underpins a significant portion of an organisation's revenue or reputation. Anchor clients are central to BD strategy and require dedicated stakeholder management and value proposition alignment.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

B

BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement)
BoCK™ CoreNegotiation

The most advantageous course of action a party can take if negotiations fail. Knowing your BATNA is the single most important source of power in any negotiation; BD professionals should always work to improve it before entering talks. A strong BATNA enables more confident value positioning and partnership structuring.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
BD Audit
BoCK™ CoreGovernance

A structured review of an organisation's BD capability, governance, processes, and performance against professional standards. BDA offers formal BD strategy audit services aligned with the BDA BoCK™ 2026 framework.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
BD Capability
BoCK™ CoreCompetency

The collective skills, processes, tools, and governance structures that enable an organisation to execute business development effectively. Assessed through the BDA BD Competency Assessment and developed via BD training and internal capacity development.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
BD Governance
BoCK™ CoreGovernance

The frameworks, policies, and oversight mechanisms that ensure BD activities are conducted with accountability, transparency, and alignment to organisational objectives. BD governance is a core domain in the BDA BoCK™ 2026 and underpins standards-based governance frameworks.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
BD Plan
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

A documented roadmap that translates BD strategy into specific actions, timelines, resource allocations, and measurable targets. See: What is BD Planning and How to Make a BD Plan.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
BD Strategy
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

A long-term plan defining how an organisation will create and capture value through market expansion, partnerships, client development, and innovation. See: What is BD Strategy and How to Build a BD Strategy.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
BDA BoCK™
BoCK™ CoreBDA Standard

The Business Development Association Book of Core Knowledge — the global professional standard for the business development discipline, published by BDA®. The BDA BoCK™ 2026 defines competencies, frameworks, domains, and terminology that underpin BDA certifications and professional standards globally.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
BDA-CP™
BoCK™ CoreCertification

The BDA Certified Professional™ — the entry-level BDA certification for business development practitioners. Validates core competencies across the BDA BoCK™ 2026 domains. See: BDA-CP™ Certification | Why Get Certified.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
BDA-SCP™
BoCK™ CoreCertification

The BDA Senior Certified Professional™ — the advanced BDA certification for senior BD leaders and strategists. Validates mastery across all BDA BoCK™ 2026 domains including governance and strategic leadership. See: BDA-SCP™ Certification.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Blue Ocean Strategy
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

A business strategy framework that focuses on creating uncontested market space rather than competing in existing markets. BD professionals use Blue Ocean thinking to identify market expansion opportunities and develop differentiated value propositions.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Brand Equity
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

The commercial value derived from consumer perception of a brand name, as distinct from the product or service itself. In business development, brand equity influences value propositions, partnership attractiveness, and market entry success.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Business Acumen
BoCK™ CoreCompetency

The ability to understand and apply business concepts, financial principles, and market dynamics to make sound decisions. Business acumen is a foundational competency for BD professionals and is assessed in the BDA-CP™ and BDA-SCP™ examinations.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Business Development (BD)
BoCK™ CoreFoundational

The strategic, cross-functional discipline for creating long-term value from customers, markets, and relationships. As defined in the BDA BoCK™ 2026, BD encompasses strategy, market intelligence, opportunity management, partnerships, client development, go-to-market execution, and BD governance. See: What is Business Development.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Business Model Canvas
BoCK™ CoreFramework

A strategic management template for developing new or documenting existing business models. BD professionals use the Business Model Canvas to map value propositions, customer segments, revenue streams, and key partnerships. See: BD Frameworks and Innovation in Business Models.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 15

C

Capability Assessment
BoCK™ CoreCompetency

A structured evaluation of an individual's or organisation's BD capabilities against the BDA BoCK™ 2026 competency framework. See: BDA BD Competency Assessment and Why Competency Assessment Matters.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Channel Partner
BoCK™ CorePartnerships

An organisation that partners with another to market or sell its products or services, typically as part of a partner ecosystem. Channel partners are a key element of go-to-market strategy and market expansion in the BDA BoCK™ 2026 framework.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Client Development
BoCK™ CoreClient Development

The systematic process of deepening and expanding relationships with existing clients to increase value, loyalty, and revenue. A core domain in the BDA BoCK™ 2026, client development encompasses stakeholder management, value proposition evolution, and performance measurement.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Competitive Intelligence
BoCK™ CoreMarket Intelligence

The systematic gathering and analysis of information about competitors to inform strategic decisions. A subset of market intelligence, competitive intelligence feeds into competitive analysis, BD strategy, and value proposition differentiation.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Consultative Selling
BoCK™ CoreBD Skills

A sales approach that prioritises understanding the client's needs and providing tailored solutions, rather than pushing a standard product. Consultative selling is a key BD skill that bridges BD and sales functions and is central to crafting compelling value propositions.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
CRM (Customer Relationship Management)
BoCK™ CoreTechnology

A technology system and strategic approach for managing an organisation's interactions with current and potential clients. In business development, CRM systems support pipeline management, stakeholder tracking, and performance measurement. See: BD Tools.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 16
Cross-Functional Collaboration
BoCK™ CoreCompetency

The ability to work effectively across different departments and functions to achieve shared business development goals. A core BD competency in the BDA BoCK™ 2026, particularly relevant when aligning sales and BD planning.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

D

Deal Structuring
BoCK™ CoreNegotiation

The process of designing the terms, conditions, and mechanisms of a business agreement to satisfy all parties' interests. Effective deal structuring requires strong BD skills, value alignment, and understanding of partnership dynamics.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Digital Transformation
BoCK™ CoreInnovation

The integration of digital technology into all areas of a business, fundamentally changing how it operates and delivers value. For BD professionals, digital transformation reshapes market intelligence, go-to-market execution, and AI-driven BD practices.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 3
Disruptive Innovation
BoCK™ CoreInnovation

An innovation that creates a new market and value network, eventually displacing established market-leading firms. BD professionals must monitor disruptive forces as part of market intelligence and competitive analysis. See: Innovation in Business Models.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 15
Due Diligence
BoCK™ CorePartnerships

A comprehensive appraisal of a potential partner, client, or acquisition target to assess risks and validate assumptions. Due diligence is a critical step in building strategic partnerships and BD strategy execution, ensuring alignment with governance standards.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

E

ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance)
BoCK™ CoreGovernance

A framework for evaluating an organisation's performance on environmental, social, and governance criteria. ESG is a strategic imperative for BD professionals — shaping partner selection, value propositions, and risk management. See: BD Governance.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 3

F

Financial Forecasting
BoCK™ CoreBusiness Acumen

The process of estimating future financial outcomes based on historical data, market trends, and strategic assumptions. BD professionals use financial forecasting to build business cases, justify BD investments, and set performance targets. See: BD Metrics.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 13
Funnel Management
BoCK™ CorePipeline

The process of tracking and optimising the progression of prospects through the stages of the BD pipeline, from initial identification to closed deal. See: Opportunity Qualification and BD KPIs.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

G

Geopolitical Risk
BoCK™ CoreMarket Intelligence

The risk to business activities arising from political instability, international conflicts, trade policies, or regulatory changes. BD professionals must integrate geopolitical risk into market intelligence, market expansion strategy, and partnership decisions.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 3
Go-to-Market (GTM) Strategy
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

A plan specifying how an organisation will reach target customers and achieve competitive advantage. GTM strategy integrates market intelligence, value proposition, ideal customer profiling, and partner ecosystem design. See: What is GTM Strategy and GTM Orchestration.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Growth Strategy
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

A plan for increasing an organisation's market share, revenue, or geographic presence. Growth strategies in business development include market expansion, strategic partnerships, business model innovation, and integrated BD functions. See: What is Business Growth Strategy.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

I

Ideal Customer Profile (ICP)
BoCK™ CoreMarket Intelligence

A detailed description of the type of customer that would derive the most value from an organisation's offering and is most likely to become a long-term, high-value client. ICP development is foundational to BD strategy, GTM planning, and opportunity qualification. See: What is an ICP.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Incremental Innovation
BoCK™ CoreInnovation

Small, continuous improvements to existing products, services, or processes. In BD, incremental innovation supports value proposition refinement and competitive positioning. See: Innovation in Business Models.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 15
Influence Mapping
BoCK™ CoreStakeholder Management

A technique for identifying and visualising the relationships and influence levels of key stakeholders in a decision-making process. Influence mapping is a core BD skill used in partnership development and strategic planning.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Institutional Membership
BoCK™ CoreBDA Membership

Organisational membership in BDA® that enables companies, universities, and institutions to align their BD practices with global professional standards. See: BDA Memberships and Membership Benefits.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Intellectual Property (IP)
BoCK™ CoreLegal

Creations of the mind — inventions, designs, brand names, and trade secrets — protected by law. IP management is critical in partnership agreements, BD governance, and deal structuring to protect competitive advantages.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 17

J

Joint Venture (JV)
BoCK™ CorePartnerships

A business arrangement in which two or more parties agree to pool resources for a specific task or project while remaining independent entities. JVs are a key instrument in market expansion and strategic partnership development. See: Partnership vs Alliance.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

K

Key Performance Indicator (KPI)
BoCK™ CorePerformance

A measurable value that demonstrates how effectively an organisation is achieving key business objectives. In business development, KPIs track pipeline health, conversion rates, partnership value, and revenue growth. See: BD KPIs and BD Metrics.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

L

Lead Generation
BoCK™ CorePipeline

The process of identifying and attracting potential clients or partners who have expressed interest in an organisation's offerings. Lead generation feeds the BD pipeline and is informed by ICP and market intelligence.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Letter of Intent (LoI)
BoCK™ CorePartnerships

A document outlining the preliminary understanding between parties before a formal agreement is signed. LoIs are commonly used in partnership development and deal structuring to establish intent and protect both parties during negotiations.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

M

Market Entry Strategy
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

A plan for entering a new market, including the choice of entry mode (organic, partnership, acquisition), target segment, and value proposition. See: What is Market Expansion and Market Expansion Strategy.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Market Intelligence
BoCK™ CoreMarket Intelligence

The systematic collection, analysis, and application of information about markets, competitors, customers, and trends to inform BD strategy. A core domain in the BDA BoCK™ 2026. See: What is Market Intelligence and Market Research vs Market Intelligence.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Market Research
BoCK™ CoreMarket Intelligence

The process of gathering data about consumers' needs and preferences. While market research provides raw data, market intelligence transforms that data into actionable insight. See: Market Research vs Market Intelligence.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Market Segmentation
BoCK™ CoreMarket Intelligence

The process of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers with different needs or behaviours. Market segmentation informs ICP development, value proposition design, and GTM strategy.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
BoCK™ CorePartnerships

A non-binding agreement outlining the terms of an understanding between parties, often a first stage to a formal contract. MoUs are commonly used in partnership development and governance frameworks to formalise intent before full legal agreements are executed.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Merger
BoCK™ CoreCorporate Development

The voluntary fusion of two companies on broadly equal terms into one new legal entity. Mergers are a form of inorganic growth strategy and require rigorous due diligence, stakeholder management, and governance alignment.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

N

Negotiation
BoCK™ CoreBD Skills

A dialogue between parties aimed at reaching a mutually beneficial agreement. Negotiation is a core BD skill in the BDA BoCK™ 2026, encompassing value positioning, deal structuring, and partnership terms.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Net Promoter Score (NPS)
BoCK™ CorePerformance

A metric measuring customer loyalty and satisfaction based on the likelihood of recommending a company. NPS is used in BD performance measurement to assess client relationship health and inform BD strategy adjustments.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

O

Opportunity Management
BoCK™ CorePipeline

The systematic process of identifying, evaluating, prioritising, and pursuing business opportunities. A core domain in the BDA BoCK™ 2026, opportunity management encompasses qualification, ICP alignment, and pipeline KPIs.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Opportunity Qualification
BoCK™ CorePipeline

The process of assessing whether a prospect meets predefined criteria to justify further BD investment. Qualification frameworks (e.g., BANT, MEDDIC) are applied within opportunity management to ensure pipeline quality and ICP alignment.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

P

Partner Ecosystem
BoCK™ CorePartnerships

The network of organisations — resellers, technology partners, service providers, and alliances — that collectively create and deliver value to customers. Building a robust partner ecosystem is a key BD strategy lever for market expansion and GTM execution.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Pipeline Management
BoCK™ CorePipeline

The process of overseeing and optimising the flow of opportunities through the BD pipeline from prospecting to close. Effective pipeline management relies on opportunity qualification, KPI tracking, and CRM tools. See: BD Metrics.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Positioning
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

The process of defining how an organisation, product, or service occupies a distinct place in the minds of target customers relative to competitors. Positioning is central to value proposition development and competitive differentiation.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Professional Development
BoCK™ CoreCompetency

The continuous process of acquiring new skills, knowledge, and credentials to advance in a professional career. For BD professionals, this includes pursuing BDA certifications, BDA membership, and exam preparation. See: Career Paths in BD.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Proposal Management
BoCK™ CoreBD Skills

The end-to-end process of developing, reviewing, and submitting business proposals in response to client needs or RFPs. Effective proposal management requires strong value proposition articulation, stakeholder alignment, and BD writing skills.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

R

Relationship Capital
BoCK™ CoreClient Development

The accumulated value of an organisation's professional relationships — with clients, partners, and stakeholders. Relationship capital is a strategic asset in business development and is built through stakeholder management, partnership development, and consistent value delivery.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Revenue Model
BoCK™ CoreBusiness Acumen

The strategy by which an organisation generates income from its products or services. BD professionals must understand revenue models to develop compelling value propositions, structure partnership deals, and build credible growth strategies.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 13
RFP (Request for Proposal)
BoCK™ CoreBD Skills

A formal document issued by an organisation inviting suppliers or partners to submit proposals for a specific project. Responding to RFPs is a key activity in opportunity management and requires strong value proposition articulation and proposal management skills.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

S

Sales Enablement
BoCK™ CoreBD Skills

The processes, content, and tools that empower sales and BD teams to engage buyers effectively. Sales enablement bridges BD and sales functions and supports GTM execution. See: Aligning Sales Planning with BD Strategy.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Social Selling
BoCK™ CoreDigital BD

The use of social media platforms to identify, connect with, and nurture potential clients and partners. Social selling is an increasingly important BD skill that supports market intelligence, ICP targeting, and relationship development.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 14
Stakeholder Management
BoCK™ CoreStakeholder Management

The process of identifying, analysing, and strategically engaging individuals or groups with an interest in an organisation's activities. A core domain in the BDA BoCK™ 2026, stakeholder management is essential for partnership success, governance, and value delivery. See: What is Stakeholder Management.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Strategic Alliance
BoCK™ CorePartnerships

A formal agreement between organisations to pursue a set of agreed-upon objectives while remaining independent. Strategic alliances are more structured than informal alliances and less integrated than joint ventures. See: Partnership vs Alliance and Strategic Partnership Framework.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Strategic Partnership
BoCK™ CorePartnerships

A mutually beneficial, long-term relationship between two organisations that creates shared value beyond a transactional exchange. Strategic partnerships are a core BD growth lever in the BDA BoCK™ 2026. See: What is a Strategic Partnership, How to Build One, and Strategic Partnership Framework.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
SWOT Analysis
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

A strategic planning tool that evaluates Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. SWOT analysis is foundational to BD strategy development, market intelligence synthesis, and competitive analysis. See: BD Frameworks.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

T

Target Account
BoCK™ CorePipeline

A specific organisation identified as a high-priority prospect based on ICP criteria and market intelligence. Target account management is a key activity in opportunity management and BD strategy execution.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Territory Management
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

The planning and management of geographic or segment-based markets to maximise BD coverage and efficiency. Territory management informs market expansion strategy, BD planning, and performance measurement.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Trust-Based Selling
BoCK™ CoreClient Development

A BD approach that prioritises building genuine trust with clients as the foundation for long-term commercial relationships. Trust-based selling is central to BD skills, stakeholder management, and value proposition delivery.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

U

Upselling
BoCK™ CoreClient Development

The practice of encouraging existing clients to purchase a higher-value product or service. Upselling is a key revenue growth tactic in BD strategy, requiring strong value articulation and client relationship management.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

V

Value Chain
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

A model that describes the full range of activities required to bring a product or service from conception to delivery. BD professionals use value chain analysis to identify partnership opportunities, value creation points, and competitive advantages.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Value Proposition
BoCK™ CoreStrategy

A clear statement that explains how a product or service solves a customer's problem, delivers benefits, and why it is better than the competition. A core competency in the BDA BoCK™ 2026. See: What is a Value Proposition and How to Craft One.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

W

Waterfall Planning
BoCK™ CoreMethodology

A sequential, phase-based project management approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins. In BD, waterfall planning is used for structured BD planning and partnership development where sequential milestones are critical.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Chapter 15
Win-Win Deal Structuring
BoCK™ CoreNegotiation

A negotiation approach that seeks outcomes beneficial to all parties, creating sustainable agreements. Win-win structuring is a core principle in partnership development and deal structuring, contrasted with zero-sum approaches. See: Partnership Governance.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A
Win/Loss Analysis
BoCK™ CorePerformance

A structured review of won and lost deals to identify patterns, improve BD strategy, and strengthen value propositions. Win/loss analysis feeds into KPI reviews, market intelligence, and competitive analysis.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

Z

Zero-Sum Game
BoCK™ CoreNegotiation

A situation in which one party's gain is exactly balanced by another's loss. BD professionals are trained to move beyond zero-sum thinking toward win-win deal structuring and value creation in partnerships and negotiations.

BDA BoCK™ 2026 — Appendix A

Ready to Master These Terms in Practice?

The BDA-CP™ and BDA-SCP™ certifications are built on the same BoCK™ framework behind this glossary. Validate your BD knowledge with a globally recognised credential.